Apricot kernel can be both a remedy and a poison!

Experts point out that the apricot Kernel, which is valued for its plant-based oils and phytochemicals and used in both traditional medicine and modern pharmacology, is frequently utilized in cosmetics, dietary supplements, and pharmaceuticals. However, they warn that consuming raw bitter kernels in large amounts can be fatal.

Asst. Prof. Tuğba Kaman, Head of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Program, noted that apricot kernels, while known for their anticancer and antioxidant properties, contain amygdalin, which can lead to cyanide poisoning. She stated: “According to the European Food Safety Authority, the safe limit for adults should not exceed three small kernels per day. For children, this amount is half of a small kernel.”

Dr. Tuğba Kaman of Üsküdar University’s Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Program evaluated the benefits and risks of apricot kernels, which hold an important place in both traditional medicine and modern pharmacology.

Anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects

Defining the place of apricot kernels among medicinal and aromatic plants, Dr. Kaman explained: “Also known as Semen Armeniacae, the apricot kernel is the seed of Prunus armeniaca (family Rosaceae). It is a plant of great value for its oils and phytochemicals, used in both traditional and modern medicine. Frequently applied in cosmetics, dietary supplements, and pharmaceuticals, the kernel is rich in volatile compounds, fatty acids, phytosterols, and polyphenols. Its cold-pressed oil is used in many areas, ranging from skincare to anti-inflammatory treatments. Thanks to its active components, its anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and hepatoprotective effects have been scientifically demonstrated.”

Rich in bioactive compounds

Highlighting its bioactive compound profile, Dr. Kaman said: “The kernel contains a high level of fixed oil (27.7–66.7%), protein (14–45%), sugars, minerals such as potassium, magnesium, and iron, essential amino acids like arginine and leucine, and various phenolic compounds. In addition to saturated and unsaturated fatty acids like oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids, it is especially rich in vitamin E (tocopherol). Its main toxic substance is the cyanogenic glycoside amygdalin (2–5.5%).”

What is the main difference between bitter and sweet apricot kernels?

Explaining "the most fundamental difference lies in the amygdalin content,” Dr. Kaman emphasized that “Bitter apricot kernels contain high amounts of amygdalin and taste bitter and sharp. Sweet apricot kernels are mildly sweet and contain either no amygdalin or only trace amounts. From a medicinal perspective, bitter kernels are used more in traditional treatments because their amygdalin content produces stronger pharmacological effects. However, this also means higher toxicological risk, with a significant chance of poisoning. Sweet kernels, on the other hand, are mainly used for cosmetic and food purposes, and their poisoning risk is relatively low depending on dosage."

Stimulating effect on immune system cells

Explaining the immune-boosting properties, Dr. Kaman said: “Apricot kernels and their oil have immunostimulant effects, reported to enhance the immune system’s overall resistance by reducing oxidative stress. Amygdalin in the kernel has been shown to directly stimulate immune cells, and when used at low and controlled doses, it can provide anti-inflammatory and immune-supportive benefits.”

Delays cellular aging

Dr. Tuğba Kaman emphasized that scientific research has shown apricot kernel extracts to possess strong antioxidant capacity: “Particularly, the polyphenols and flavonoids they contain (such as salicylic acid, caffeic acid, quercitrin, kaempferol, ferulic acid, and gallic acid) react with free radicals and help prevent cellular damage. These compounds exert protective effects not only against hydroxyl and superoxide radicals but also against hydrogen peroxide. In addition, thanks to their high vitamin E content, they reduce oxidative stress, delay cellular aging, and support overall health.”

Also beneficial for psoriasis and eczema

Pointing out that apricot kernels act as an emollient and moisturizing component when applied topically to the skin, Dr. Kaman explained: “Thanks to valuable fatty acids such as linoleic acid and oleic acid, they are known for their anti-inflammatory effects, skin-brightening capacity, ability to increase skin moisture, and improvement of skin barrier function. Due to the antioxidant properties of vitamin E, they are not only beneficial in dermatological conditions such as acne, psoriasis, and eczema but also help keep the skin healthy and hydrated.”

Helpful in preventing coronary heart disease

Highlighting that apricot kernels are an important source not only of dietary protein but also of fat and fiber, Dr. Kaman continued: “Traditionally, they have been used in the treatment of constipation and parasites, and they are reported to have anti-ulcerative effects. With their oleic (Omega-9) and linoleic (Omega-6) fatty acids, they are heart-friendly. Phytosterols and phenolic compounds found in apricot kernels are reported to be beneficial in preventing coronary heart disease, lowering LDL and total cholesterol while increasing HDL, and protecting heart tissue against oxidative damage.”

Consumption of raw bitter kernels in high amounts can be fatal

Dr. Kaman noted that amygdalin in the kernel is hydrolyzed in the body by the β-glucosidase enzyme, producing hydrogen cyanide (HCN): “HCN inhibits cellular respiration and causes hypoxia. Excessive consumption can result in nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, irritability, various pains in joints and muscles, loss of consciousness, coma, and even death. Especially the consumption of raw bitter kernels in large amounts can be fatal.”

No more than three small apricot kernels a day…

Sharing the safe consumption limits determined by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Dr. Kaman concluded: “According to EFSA, consuming more than three small raw apricot kernels in a single serving, or more than half of one large kernel, may exceed safe limits. Accordingly, an average adult can consume up to three small kernels per day (approximately 370 mg) without exceeding the Acute Reference Dose (ARfD). For children, this amount is half of one small kernel (approximately 60 mg). In conclusion, no more than one to three small kernels per day are recommended for adults, while consumption is strictly not advised for pregnant women, breastfeeding women, and children.”